In Associate Professor Ewan Millar’s vision for the future of pathology in NSW, the skills, experience and expertise of Anatomical Pathologists is backed by powerful technology.

In the near future, Anatom­i­cal Pathol­o­gists – doc­tors who study body tis­sue and cells to diag­nose dis­eases like can­cer – will scru­ti­nise dig­i­tal slides rather than tra­di­tion­al glass slides to rou­tine­ly search for the small­est abnor­mal­i­ties in body tis­sue samples.

Ewan, a Senior Staff Spe­cial­ist Histopathol­o­gist with NSW Health Pathol­o­gy, based at St George Hos­pi­tal, believes it is like­ly Arti­fi­cial Intel­li­gence (AI) will take on the role of ‘Pathologist’s assis­tant’, pick­ing up on sub­tle pix­el pat­terns that flag tis­sue sam­ples for the doctor’s atten­tion and fur­ther inves­ti­ga­tion. Ulti­mate­ly, com­bin­ing the pathologist’s exper­tise and skill with advanced tech could rev­o­lu­tionise the diag­no­sis and under­stand­ing of dis­eases, and improve patient care and outcomes.

With enough devel­op­ment, the AI would also go one step fur­ther to iden­ti­fy bio­log­i­cal mark­ers, or ‘bio­mark­ers’, which indi­cate changes in tis­sue on a mol­e­c­u­lar lev­el, not vis­i­ble to the naked eye. These bio­mark­ers will not only help diag­nose dis­ease, such as can­cer, but help doc­tors under­stand a patient’s poten­tial response to tar­get­ed treatment.

It’s an ambi­tious vision, but one Ewan’s hap­py to chip away at thanks to a Researcher Exchange and Devel­op­ment with­in Indus­try (REDI) Fellowship.

Under the fel­low­ship, which aims to con­nect researchers with indus­try, Ewan is in the midst of a two-year, part-time project with Paige, a New York-based glob­al leader in Arti­fi­cial Intel­li­gence-based diag­nos­tic pathol­o­gy soft­ware. They mar­ket the first and only AI prod­uct to detect prostate can­cer approved by the US Food and Drug Admin­is­tra­tion (FDA). The AI is trained to iden­ti­fy sub­tle pix­el pat­terns in the tis­sue to accu­rate­ly pre­dict the pres­ence of prostate can­cer, and even map where in the prostate it is located.

Under the REDI Fel­low­ship, Ewan is assist­ing Paige to devel­op sim­i­lar AI prod­ucts for breast can­cer and breast can­cer lymph node spread. It is a dream role Ewan relishes.

“This REDI Fel­low­ship oppor­tu­ni­ty to work with Paige’s team of experts in AI is unri­valled,” Ewan said. “AI can real­ly trans­form the way pathol­o­gists work in the future, includ­ing right here in NSW.”

While the words ‘Arti­fi­cial Intel­li­gence’ can be anx­i­ety-induc­ing in med­ical cir­cles, Ewan explains AI is com­pli­men­ta­ry to tra­di­tion­al Anatom­i­cal Pathol­o­gy and will not replace human pathologists.

“It’s like hav­ing a sec­ond pair of eyes, or a good trainee pathol­o­gist by your side,” he explains.

“Pathol­o­gists can look at hun­dreds of slides a day. AI can run algo­rithms that dou­ble check the slides and can flag spe­cif­ic areas on the slides for the pathol­o­gist to con­cen­trate on. By mak­ing the work­flows more effi­cient, pathol­o­gists can con­cen­trate on the most mean­ing­ful parts of their role.”

While AI can over­come the chal­lenge of spot­ting abnor­mal­i­ties which are sim­ply too dif­fi­cult to detect with the naked eye, Ewan said it can also short-cut time-con­sum­ing, man­u­al tasks such as esti­mat­ing the loca­tion of small, dif­fi­cult to find tumours.

“Find­ing can­cer­ous tis­sue can be time-con­sum­ing,” Ewan admits. “Some work can be like look­ing for a nee­dle in a haystack, but the AI can be trained to recog­nise pix­el pat­terns. For exam­ple, pathol­o­gists may look at up to 75 slides from one patient’s prostate core biop­sies to find a tumour no more than 1mm in diam­e­ter. The AI is capa­ble of review­ing the slides with­in min­utes, com­pared to the time it takes to review slides manually.”

For now, Ewan is putting in the hard yards, train­ing the AI soft­ware to even­tu­al­ly give Anatom­i­cal Pathol­o­gists access to a pow­er­ful, accu­rate tool.

“We go through iter­a­tive cycles – train, test, review, work out what’s wrong, and repeat until the AI per­for­mance improves,” Ewan explains. “AI soft­ware must be close to 90 per cent accu­rate before it’s ready for fur­ther testing.”

While Ewan’s lend­ing his exper­tise to sev­er­al projects, most of his time is spent with the Bio­mark­er team devel­op­ing the next break­through in can­cer diagnostics.

From his home in Syd­ney, in the com­fort of his kids’ old gam­ing room, Ewan applies his pathol­o­gist eye to images used to train and val­i­date Paige’s bio­mark­er AI soft­ware. He reviews the dig­i­tal slides and the results that the AI algo­rithms pro­duce, then works close­ly with engi­neers to iden­ti­fy detec­tion errors and painstak­ing­ly improve the soft­ware per­for­mance slide by slide. Every can­cer type requires its own unique AI algo­rithm, which needs hun­dreds or thou­sands of slides to suc­cess­ful­ly train the software.

Using this same approach, Paige recent­ly built start-up algo­rithms capa­ble of detect­ing dig­i­tal bio­mark­ers for tumour muta­tions in breast and prostate can­cer. It’s hoped, in the future, dig­i­tal bio­mark­ers could be used to screen tumour slides for spe­cif­ic mol­e­c­u­lar fea­tures with­in just a few min­utes, to deter­mine a person’s response to tar­get­ed treat­ments. This new method for mon­i­tor­ing dis­ease tumour pro­gres­sion and treat­ment effi­ca­cy could poten­tial­ly replace some exist­ing expen­sive and time-con­sum­ing mol­e­c­u­lar tests.

The expe­ri­ence Ewan is gain­ing will pro­vide crit­i­cal knowl­edge to ensure dig­i­tal trans­for­ma­tion plan­ning, under­way at Anatom­i­cal Pathol­o­gy for NSW Health Pathol­o­gy, is AI-enabled for the future. It also pro­vides impor­tant indus­try expe­ri­ence to fur­ther sup­port his con­tri­bu­tion to AI researchers at UNSW Com­put­er Sci­ence and Engi­neer­ing, where sev­er­al PhD stu­dents are cur­rent­ly work­ing on breast can­cer pathol­o­gy AI projects.

Ewan’s REDI Fel­low­ship is sup­port­ed and fund­ed by MTP­Con­nect’s $32 mil­lion Researcher Exchange and Devel­op­ment with­in Indus­try (REDI) ini­tia­tive made pos­si­ble by the Med­ical Research Future Fund (MRFF), pro­vid­ing indus­try expe­ri­ences and skills devel­op­ment for ear­ly and mid-career researchers, clin­i­cians, and inno­va­tors to devel­op an indus­try ready work­force keep­ing pace with the demands of a rapid­ly chang­ing sector.

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